The Indian Railways was the biggest earner to the central exchequer. During the early sixties and onwards the Railways were bringing massive wealth to the country from its efficient and systematic operations in all the departments synchronizing their efforts to maintain steady income through earnings from both Goods & Passenger fares. The operation ratio being heavy, Railways had to match its income with heavy expenses with a definite intention to support the central government with a Lion's share. Each departmental head had to strain every nerve to see that the overall performance of the Railways is maintained on an upward trend so that profit in each year is maintained at a high level.
The ministers in charge of the Indian Railways were also prompt in the policy decision of the Railway net work.Their close knit association with the Railway Board and the Zonal General managers,enabled them to work in unison with targeted projects of annual return. The passenger fares & goods tariff also were scrutinized every year before budget proposal so as to have overall efficiency in the railway transport system.
Of late there has been an "Overturning Moment" in the railway Planning and substantial reduction in the earning capacity of the Indian Railways were noticed during the past. The political will was lacking in bringing up the profit margin high and reducing the operation cost. No increase in the passenger fares & in transportation goods traffic for many years resulting in the rise of operating ratio. Such uncommitted approach has brought down the Railway's running efficiency resulting in almost a break-even level OR even LOSS.
MR. JAGJEEVAN RAM, when he was Minister of Railways once commented that " If the pilferage or theft in the Railways are checked we would have laid tracks on GOLDEN RAILS". That period was a glorious period for the Railways and the systematic growth brought in wealth in the railways for supporting the central government for distributing to the sister departments for their working expenses.
Since I was serving the Railways from 1956 to 1992, I could draw a line of progress from those days to my retirement in 1992 and thereafter.Unless we gear up our machinery and introduce methods to revitalize the Railway set up in its earning capacity, we may have a disastrous period ahead.
Mangalath Philip Abraham
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
Tuesday, January 3, 2012
Revamp the Judiciary
A Better Deal in Judicial Matters
The judiciary was encountering problems in settling the pending cases in the courts for the past decades. But there could not be any substantial solution in reducing the quantum of cases pending final disposal. The petitioner waits for long period of time and gets disheartened is/and finally dies before the disposal of his/her case in favour or against! Even in some cases, the judge who initiated the proceedings does not live to see the end result of the case. The case goes on for unlimited time extending to Life time!
Has anyone in the judiciary or elsewhere thought of this peculiar state of affairs of the court cases? I do not think, anyone has taken a serious note on this important aspect in anyone’s life. When we have a Limitation Act for all official matters including representation to the Legal authorities, why we do not have “ Limitation “ for finalizing the court cases within a short time frame?. To have an effective control over the legal proceedings I have suggestions as note below.
1. The procedure of engaging a lawyer for the petitioner and separate lawyer for the defendant should be stopped forthwith. Instead there must be a Council of Legal Experts consisting of senior judges/lawyers to go into the details of each case, examination of witnesses, records, and site inspection etc as necessary. Witnesses should not be unwieldy, numbering 100 or more, but limited to 2 or 3 according to the merit of each case.
2. Separate advocate pleading for the complainant and the accused will always vitiate the whole process in different stages, as each advocate will try to excel over the other in the matter of interpretation and tactics, thereby drifting off or bypassing from the core issue on hand. Such situations will cause delay and also postponement of the case for unlimited period of time. Thus, the prolonged hearings and delay thereof will cause discontentment in the minds of the litigants resulting in loss of credibility of the Judiciary in public mind.
My personal experience has prompted me to write this note.
The procedure, I suggest is similar to the one that is adopted in the case of ARBITRATION OF DISPUTES BY SOLE OR PANEL OF ARBITRATORS, with a definite time frame.
M P Abraham IRSE (Rted)
Chartered Engineer
& International Valuer and Arbitrator.
The judiciary was encountering problems in settling the pending cases in the courts for the past decades. But there could not be any substantial solution in reducing the quantum of cases pending final disposal. The petitioner waits for long period of time and gets disheartened is/and finally dies before the disposal of his/her case in favour or against! Even in some cases, the judge who initiated the proceedings does not live to see the end result of the case. The case goes on for unlimited time extending to Life time!
Has anyone in the judiciary or elsewhere thought of this peculiar state of affairs of the court cases? I do not think, anyone has taken a serious note on this important aspect in anyone’s life. When we have a Limitation Act for all official matters including representation to the Legal authorities, why we do not have “ Limitation “ for finalizing the court cases within a short time frame?. To have an effective control over the legal proceedings I have suggestions as note below.
1. The procedure of engaging a lawyer for the petitioner and separate lawyer for the defendant should be stopped forthwith. Instead there must be a Council of Legal Experts consisting of senior judges/lawyers to go into the details of each case, examination of witnesses, records, and site inspection etc as necessary. Witnesses should not be unwieldy, numbering 100 or more, but limited to 2 or 3 according to the merit of each case.
2. Separate advocate pleading for the complainant and the accused will always vitiate the whole process in different stages, as each advocate will try to excel over the other in the matter of interpretation and tactics, thereby drifting off or bypassing from the core issue on hand. Such situations will cause delay and also postponement of the case for unlimited period of time. Thus, the prolonged hearings and delay thereof will cause discontentment in the minds of the litigants resulting in loss of credibility of the Judiciary in public mind.
My personal experience has prompted me to write this note.
The procedure, I suggest is similar to the one that is adopted in the case of ARBITRATION OF DISPUTES BY SOLE OR PANEL OF ARBITRATORS, with a definite time frame.
M P Abraham IRSE (Rted)
Chartered Engineer
& International Valuer and Arbitrator.
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
A Flash Back tp Pre 1947 & Post 1947 Period
A Flash back on Life before and after Independence
The Senior citizens above 75 years can flash back their life before the independence. There will be quite a few episodes to narrate the life we had before the year 1947 & the life we have after the independence. Mainly the difference between the Autocracy & the Democracy is compared. Both are poles apart. The life was peaceful and the relation maintained with people of different denominations was very cordial. There was no ill will amongst men with feelings of caste creed and religion. The social functions were peacefully conducted by all without any pride or prejudice. Even during the times of world wars the people did not starve as the food preserved for the “Rainy days” were available to maintain life & property during the crisis period. A comparative study will reveal the factual position in India during the Pre 1947 & Post 1947 period.
Description Autocracy- King’s Rule Democracy- Janatha Kings
1.Administration
2.Justice
3. Security
4.Food & Shelter
5. Criminal Assaults
6. Service to public.
7. Corruption Fair deal to all without cast creed or religion
Justice to all within a time frame. Justice delayed is Justice denied. This dictum was honoured in full
Security of the Subjects ensured by the King for their life and property.
Everyone gets his/her share of food and water. No scarcity.
Criminals are apprehended and punished without any delay, applying the law forthwith.
Timely attention to the problems of the people in their day to day life. Here I am reminded of old VELUTHAMPY DALAVA.
Very rare. If detected severe punishments meted out to the culprit. Here again the Veluthampy Dalava is remembered!
Unfair deal to all except the followers of the party in power.
Justice to none within a time frame. In most cases the justice is delayed beyond limit causing irrecoverable loss to the people.
Unsecured life and property in the janatha rule. Dangerous situations arise daily.
No fair distribution of food & water and living conditions .
Undue delay takes place and the criminals escape from the clutches of law by intervention of men in authority.
No action taken in time. The requests from people delayed for days together in the departments.
Corruption everywhere. Corrupt thoughts and actions are prevalent in the whole administration. LOKPAL MAY NOT HELP!
I have given here only few of the things which came to my mind while comparing the pre independence and post independence period. I am sure many of us will have a say in this matter. Please add your opinion in this column.
ABRAHAM MANGALATH
.
The Senior citizens above 75 years can flash back their life before the independence. There will be quite a few episodes to narrate the life we had before the year 1947 & the life we have after the independence. Mainly the difference between the Autocracy & the Democracy is compared. Both are poles apart. The life was peaceful and the relation maintained with people of different denominations was very cordial. There was no ill will amongst men with feelings of caste creed and religion. The social functions were peacefully conducted by all without any pride or prejudice. Even during the times of world wars the people did not starve as the food preserved for the “Rainy days” were available to maintain life & property during the crisis period. A comparative study will reveal the factual position in India during the Pre 1947 & Post 1947 period.
Description Autocracy- King’s Rule Democracy- Janatha Kings
1.Administration
2.Justice
3. Security
4.Food & Shelter
5. Criminal Assaults
6. Service to public.
7. Corruption Fair deal to all without cast creed or religion
Justice to all within a time frame. Justice delayed is Justice denied. This dictum was honoured in full
Security of the Subjects ensured by the King for their life and property.
Everyone gets his/her share of food and water. No scarcity.
Criminals are apprehended and punished without any delay, applying the law forthwith.
Timely attention to the problems of the people in their day to day life. Here I am reminded of old VELUTHAMPY DALAVA.
Very rare. If detected severe punishments meted out to the culprit. Here again the Veluthampy Dalava is remembered!
Unfair deal to all except the followers of the party in power.
Justice to none within a time frame. In most cases the justice is delayed beyond limit causing irrecoverable loss to the people.
Unsecured life and property in the janatha rule. Dangerous situations arise daily.
No fair distribution of food & water and living conditions .
Undue delay takes place and the criminals escape from the clutches of law by intervention of men in authority.
No action taken in time. The requests from people delayed for days together in the departments.
Corruption everywhere. Corrupt thoughts and actions are prevalent in the whole administration. LOKPAL MAY NOT HELP!
I have given here only few of the things which came to my mind while comparing the pre independence and post independence period. I am sure many of us will have a say in this matter. Please add your opinion in this column.
ABRAHAM MANGALATH
.
Saturday, December 10, 2011
Politics in Educational Institutions
POLITICS IN COLLEGE CAMPUS
COLLEGE CAMPUS- A POLITICAL ASYLUM?
The recent disturbances in the Educational institutions all over the State of Kerala indicate that imminent disaster will take place very soon in the student community. The youngsters in the college/schools are being misguided and their young spirit of action & energy are misused and misdirected by the introvert politicians to gain their own ends. Violent and destructive methods are unleashed using the young children as weapons and tools to achieve the goal through the watch word “End justifies the means”.
A loyal politician will definitely follow a well defined and planned mode of action for a successful journey towards the goal and will not adopt short cuts and direct action, destroying life & public property. In fact the whole course of action adopted by the ill oriented politicians in motivating the young blood in schools & colleges is highly objectionable and detrimental to the future of the students and the state in general.
The college students during the course of studies in their Alma meter will learn the subjects on different disciplines including the political science. Once they come out of the college they can successfully practice the science of administration for the betterment of the society. But interferences in their studies and spoiling the career by the politician’s entry in the campus will ruin the whole process of learning for grooming the students to be better citizens of the country.
The Government machinery must consider these invasions of politicians in the college campus as a serious crime and the party officials responsible for such trespass must be punished without fear or favour.
Abraham Mangalath
COLLEGE CAMPUS- A POLITICAL ASYLUM?
The recent disturbances in the Educational institutions all over the State of Kerala indicate that imminent disaster will take place very soon in the student community. The youngsters in the college/schools are being misguided and their young spirit of action & energy are misused and misdirected by the introvert politicians to gain their own ends. Violent and destructive methods are unleashed using the young children as weapons and tools to achieve the goal through the watch word “End justifies the means”.
A loyal politician will definitely follow a well defined and planned mode of action for a successful journey towards the goal and will not adopt short cuts and direct action, destroying life & public property. In fact the whole course of action adopted by the ill oriented politicians in motivating the young blood in schools & colleges is highly objectionable and detrimental to the future of the students and the state in general.
The college students during the course of studies in their Alma meter will learn the subjects on different disciplines including the political science. Once they come out of the college they can successfully practice the science of administration for the betterment of the society. But interferences in their studies and spoiling the career by the politician’s entry in the campus will ruin the whole process of learning for grooming the students to be better citizens of the country.
The Government machinery must consider these invasions of politicians in the college campus as a serious crime and the party officials responsible for such trespass must be punished without fear or favour.
Abraham Mangalath
Wednesday, December 7, 2011
Mullaperitar Dam- Remedy
MULLAPERIYAR DAM – REMEDY
Fatigue is a natural phenomenon for both living & inanimate things. The structures also get fatigued due to aging. Normally structures have a designed useful life. Beyond the designed life of any structure, constant vigil is to be exercised to check up any deterioration in the ability of the structure to withstand the designed job of that structure.
In the case of the Mullaperiyar dam, it is an old dam constructed with Surki mortar in the 19th century during the British rule. This “Gravity dam” is supported on its own weight against the pressure imposed on it by the impounding water in the reservoir. The pressure of water is concentrated on the Dam at its 2/3rd height above floor level. The principle is that the over turning effect (Upsetting Couple) of the Dam against the water pressure must counter balance by the (Restoring couple) acting at the centre of gravity of the Dam. If the Upsetting Moment is higher than the Restoring Moment, then the Dam is exposed to danger by overturning. Therefore the restoring couple or Moment must be greater than the upsetting couple or Moment. To attain this, the design is taken care of to see that the Resultant thrust of water & the weight of Dam is kept ALWAYS WITHIN THE MIDDLE THIRD RULE. That is the resultant line of force should be within the middle third of the base of the Dam.
The authorities must immediately check the stability of Dam and ensure that the Gravity Force of the dam is greater than the impounding pressure of the water in the reservoir. If the restoring Moment is not sufficient the dam must be strengthened by additional masonry structure at the tail race by widening the base width and masonry stem up to the 2/3 height.
Another aspect to be checked is the strength of the dam against shear force acting at the 2/3rd height. This strength may be low as the Dam is very old. To increase the shear strength of the structure, pressure grouting of the dam with high grade cement must be done at suitable spacing with modern equipments under close supervision by experts specialized in such critical jobs.
But there is no need to get panicky about life of the people around if the present water level is brought down to a safe level as suggested by the Engineers.
M P Abraham IRSE (Retd)
Chartered Engineer & Registered Valuer
Fatigue is a natural phenomenon for both living & inanimate things. The structures also get fatigued due to aging. Normally structures have a designed useful life. Beyond the designed life of any structure, constant vigil is to be exercised to check up any deterioration in the ability of the structure to withstand the designed job of that structure.
In the case of the Mullaperiyar dam, it is an old dam constructed with Surki mortar in the 19th century during the British rule. This “Gravity dam” is supported on its own weight against the pressure imposed on it by the impounding water in the reservoir. The pressure of water is concentrated on the Dam at its 2/3rd height above floor level. The principle is that the over turning effect (Upsetting Couple) of the Dam against the water pressure must counter balance by the (Restoring couple) acting at the centre of gravity of the Dam. If the Upsetting Moment is higher than the Restoring Moment, then the Dam is exposed to danger by overturning. Therefore the restoring couple or Moment must be greater than the upsetting couple or Moment. To attain this, the design is taken care of to see that the Resultant thrust of water & the weight of Dam is kept ALWAYS WITHIN THE MIDDLE THIRD RULE. That is the resultant line of force should be within the middle third of the base of the Dam.
The authorities must immediately check the stability of Dam and ensure that the Gravity Force of the dam is greater than the impounding pressure of the water in the reservoir. If the restoring Moment is not sufficient the dam must be strengthened by additional masonry structure at the tail race by widening the base width and masonry stem up to the 2/3 height.
Another aspect to be checked is the strength of the dam against shear force acting at the 2/3rd height. This strength may be low as the Dam is very old. To increase the shear strength of the structure, pressure grouting of the dam with high grade cement must be done at suitable spacing with modern equipments under close supervision by experts specialized in such critical jobs.
But there is no need to get panicky about life of the people around if the present water level is brought down to a safe level as suggested by the Engineers.
M P Abraham IRSE (Retd)
Chartered Engineer & Registered Valuer
Thursday, November 24, 2011
Death The Beginner
DEATH THE BEGINNER
Our life on this earth can be compared with the crossing of a heavily flowing stream or river without any external ay assistance from anyone. The struggle starts from the day we are born and ends on the day we leave this world. The Birth is the Home bank and the Death the Far bank of the river of life we have to cross and successfully reach the Shore of ITERNITY. Our life on this Earth takes on the pros & cons of the struggle to reach the other end of life ie the far bank of the River.. The short sojourn on this fleeting life on earth gives us the challenge to swim in the dangerous stream of life amidst reverse currents and also favourable flow taking us to the Shore of happiness & peace. The guiding “ Light House” is the radiating Love of GOD through the Sun, Moon & Stars.
The Death does open the Door to the other side of Life without Time & Space. At the time of death he/she is fully conscious about what is happening around, but cannot express the feelings as the life is in its transition stage from physical state to the unknown world. As we were not aware of the period before our birth, the future also is unknown to us. The period of our short stay on Earth is the only space available for us to carry out the assigned job and to be prepared for the Internal Life. The soul leaves the body and watches all that are happening around and it gets into the realm of the Universe,- moving anywhere it chooses without the control of Time & Space. This stage continues till such time HE comes in Clouds to take His people to the promised- Internal Life. This mystery is not known to human beings. Even the SON does not know the exact time when GOD the father decides on the final Call. At the Trumpet call the dead come out of the tombs from far & near and stand before GOD for His assessment of the life and work of each person, He had entrusted with specific job. This “Entrance Test” is already been prophesied by the prophets through Bible and we are looking forward that Big Day of Judgment. The portion of the Bible as it is written in the book of Ezhekiel Chapter 37 is worthy to be quoted in this context as it confirms the life after death.
(New International Version, ©2011)
Ezekiel 37
The Valley of Dry Bones
1 The hand of the LORD was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the LORD and set me in the middle of a valley; it was full of bones. 2 He led me back and forth among them, and I saw a great many bones on the floor of the valley, bones that were very dry. 3 He asked me, “Son of man, can these bones live?”
I said, “Sovereign LORD, you alone know.”
4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy to these bones and say to them, ‘Dry bones, hear the word of the LORD! 5 This is what the Sovereign LORD says to these bones: I will make breath[a] enter you, and you will come to life. 6 I will attach tendons to you and make flesh come upon you and cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will come to life. Then you will know that I am the LORD.’”
7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. And as I was prophesying, there was a noise, a rattling sound, and the bones came together, bone to bone. 8 I looked, and tendons and flesh appeared on them and skin covered them, but there was no breath in them.
9 Then he said to me, “Prophesy to the breath; prophesy, son of man, and say to it, ‘This is what the Sovereign LORD says: Come, breath, from the four winds and breathe into these slain, that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as he commanded me, and breath entered them; they came to life and stood up on their feet—a vast army.
11 Then he said to me: “Son of man, these bones are the people of Israel. They say, ‘Our bones are dried up and our hope is gone; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy and say to them: ‘This is what the Sovereign LORD says: My people, I am going to open your graves and bring you up from them; I will bring you back to the land of Israel. 13 Then you, my people, will know that I am the LORD, when I open your graves and bring you up from them. 14 I will put my Spirit in you and you will live, and I will settle you in your own land. Then you will know that I the LORD have spoken, and I have done it, declares the LORD.’”
Abraham Mangalath
Our life on this earth can be compared with the crossing of a heavily flowing stream or river without any external ay assistance from anyone. The struggle starts from the day we are born and ends on the day we leave this world. The Birth is the Home bank and the Death the Far bank of the river of life we have to cross and successfully reach the Shore of ITERNITY. Our life on this Earth takes on the pros & cons of the struggle to reach the other end of life ie the far bank of the River.. The short sojourn on this fleeting life on earth gives us the challenge to swim in the dangerous stream of life amidst reverse currents and also favourable flow taking us to the Shore of happiness & peace. The guiding “ Light House” is the radiating Love of GOD through the Sun, Moon & Stars.
The Death does open the Door to the other side of Life without Time & Space. At the time of death he/she is fully conscious about what is happening around, but cannot express the feelings as the life is in its transition stage from physical state to the unknown world. As we were not aware of the period before our birth, the future also is unknown to us. The period of our short stay on Earth is the only space available for us to carry out the assigned job and to be prepared for the Internal Life. The soul leaves the body and watches all that are happening around and it gets into the realm of the Universe,- moving anywhere it chooses without the control of Time & Space. This stage continues till such time HE comes in Clouds to take His people to the promised- Internal Life. This mystery is not known to human beings. Even the SON does not know the exact time when GOD the father decides on the final Call. At the Trumpet call the dead come out of the tombs from far & near and stand before GOD for His assessment of the life and work of each person, He had entrusted with specific job. This “Entrance Test” is already been prophesied by the prophets through Bible and we are looking forward that Big Day of Judgment. The portion of the Bible as it is written in the book of Ezhekiel Chapter 37 is worthy to be quoted in this context as it confirms the life after death.
(New International Version, ©2011)
Ezekiel 37
The Valley of Dry Bones
1 The hand of the LORD was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the LORD and set me in the middle of a valley; it was full of bones. 2 He led me back and forth among them, and I saw a great many bones on the floor of the valley, bones that were very dry. 3 He asked me, “Son of man, can these bones live?”
I said, “Sovereign LORD, you alone know.”
4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy to these bones and say to them, ‘Dry bones, hear the word of the LORD! 5 This is what the Sovereign LORD says to these bones: I will make breath[a] enter you, and you will come to life. 6 I will attach tendons to you and make flesh come upon you and cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will come to life. Then you will know that I am the LORD.’”
7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. And as I was prophesying, there was a noise, a rattling sound, and the bones came together, bone to bone. 8 I looked, and tendons and flesh appeared on them and skin covered them, but there was no breath in them.
9 Then he said to me, “Prophesy to the breath; prophesy, son of man, and say to it, ‘This is what the Sovereign LORD says: Come, breath, from the four winds and breathe into these slain, that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as he commanded me, and breath entered them; they came to life and stood up on their feet—a vast army.
11 Then he said to me: “Son of man, these bones are the people of Israel. They say, ‘Our bones are dried up and our hope is gone; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy and say to them: ‘This is what the Sovereign LORD says: My people, I am going to open your graves and bring you up from them; I will bring you back to the land of Israel. 13 Then you, my people, will know that I am the LORD, when I open your graves and bring you up from them. 14 I will put my Spirit in you and you will live, and I will settle you in your own land. Then you will know that I the LORD have spoken, and I have done it, declares the LORD.’”
Abraham Mangalath
Saturday, October 29, 2011
POLITICS IN COLLGE CAMPUS
COLLEGE CAMPUS- A POLITICAL ASYLUM?
The recent disturbances in the Educational institutions all over the State of Kerala indicate that imminent disaster will take place very soon in the student community. The youngsters in the college/schools are being misguided and their young spirit of action & energy are misused and misdirected by the introvert politicians to gain their own ends. Violent and destructive methods are unleashed using the young children as weapons and tools to achieve the goal through the watch word “End justifies the means”.
A loyal politician will definitely follow a well defined and planned mode of action for a successful journey towards the goal and will not adopt short cuts and direct action, destroying life & public property. In fact the whole course of action adopted by the ill oriented politicians in motivating the young blood in schools & colleges is highly objectionable and detrimental to the future of the students and the state in general.
The college students during the course of studies in their Alma meter will learn the subjects on different disciplines including the political science. Once they come out of the college they can successfully practice the science of administration for the betterment of the society. But interferences in their studies and spoiling the career by the politician’s entry in the campus will ruin the whole process of learning for grooming the students to be better citizens of the country.
The Government machinery must consider these invasions of politicians in the college campus as a serious crime and the party officials responsible for such trespass must be punished without fear or favour.
Abraham Mangalath
The recent disturbances in the Educational institutions all over the State of Kerala indicate that imminent disaster will take place very soon in the student community. The youngsters in the college/schools are being misguided and their young spirit of action & energy are misused and misdirected by the introvert politicians to gain their own ends. Violent and destructive methods are unleashed using the young children as weapons and tools to achieve the goal through the watch word “End justifies the means”.
A loyal politician will definitely follow a well defined and planned mode of action for a successful journey towards the goal and will not adopt short cuts and direct action, destroying life & public property. In fact the whole course of action adopted by the ill oriented politicians in motivating the young blood in schools & colleges is highly objectionable and detrimental to the future of the students and the state in general.
The college students during the course of studies in their Alma meter will learn the subjects on different disciplines including the political science. Once they come out of the college they can successfully practice the science of administration for the betterment of the society. But interferences in their studies and spoiling the career by the politician’s entry in the campus will ruin the whole process of learning for grooming the students to be better citizens of the country.
The Government machinery must consider these invasions of politicians in the college campus as a serious crime and the party officials responsible for such trespass must be punished without fear or favour.
Abraham Mangalath
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